Kimi K2: Open Agentic Intelligence
Authors
Yifan Bai,
Yiping Bao,
Y. Charles,
Cheng Chen,
Guanduo Chen,
Haiting Chen,
Huarong Chen,
Jiahao Chen,
Ningxin Chen,
Ruijue Chen,
Yanru Chen,
Yuankun Chen,
Yutian Chen,
Zhuofu Chen,
Jialei Cui,
Hao Ding,
Mengnan Dong,
Angang Du,
Chenzhuang Du,
Dikang Du,
Yulun Du,
Yu Fan,
Yichen Feng,
Kelin Fu,
Bofei Gao,
Chenxiao Gao,
Hongcheng Gao,
Peizhong Gao,
Tong Gao,
Yuyao Ge,
Shangyi Geng,
Qizheng Gu,
Xinran Gu,
Longyu Guan,
Haiqing Guo,
Jianhang Guo,
Xiaoru Hao,
Tianhong He,
Weiran He,
Wenyang He,
Yunjia He,
Chao Hong,
Hao Hu,
Yangyang Hu,
Zhenxing Hu,
Weixiao Huang,
Zhiqi Huang,
Zihao Huang,
Tao Jiang,
Zhejun Jiang,
Xinyi Jin,
Yongsheng Kang,
Guokun Lai,
Cheng Li,
Fang Li,
Haoyang Li,
Ming Li,
Wentao Li,
Yang Li,
Yanhao Li,
Yiwei Li,
Zhaowei Li,
Zheming Li,
Hongzhan Lin,
Xiaohan Lin,
Zongyu Lin,
Chengyin Liu,
Chenyu Liu,
Hongzhang Liu,
Jingyuan Liu,
Junqi Liu,
Liang Liu,
Shaowei Liu,
T. Y. Liu,
Tianwei Liu,
Weizhou Liu,
Yangyang Liu,
Yibo Liu,
Yiping Liu,
Yue Liu,
Zhengying Liu,
Enzhe Lu,
Haoyu Lu,
Lijun Lu,
Yashuo Luo,
Shengling Ma,
Xinyu Ma,
Yingwei Ma,
Shaoguang Mao,
Jie Mei,
Xin Men,
Yibo Miao,
Siyuan Pan,
Yebo Peng,
Ruoyu Qin,
Zeyu Qin,
Bowen Qu,
Zeyu Shang,
Lidong Shi,
Shengyuan Shi,
Feifan Song,
Jianlin Su,
Zhengyuan Su,
Lin Sui,
Xinjie Sun,
Flood Sung,
Yunpeng Tai,
Heyi Tang,
Jiawen Tao,
Qifeng Teng,
Chaoran Tian,
Chensi Wang,
Dinglu Wang,
Feng Wang,
Hailong Wang,
Haiming Wang,
Jianzhou Wang,
Jiaxing Wang,
Jinhong Wang,
Shengjie Wang,
Shuyi Wang,
Si Wang,
Xinyuan Wang,
Yao Wang,
Yejie Wang,
Yiqin Wang,
Yuxin Wang,
Yuzhi Wang,
Zhaoji Wang,
Zhengtao Wang,
Zhengtao Wang,
Zhexu Wang,
Chu Wei,
Qianqian Wei,
Haoning Wu,
Wenhao Wu,
Xingzhe Wu,
Yuxin Wu,
Chenjun Xiao,
Jin Xie,
Xiaotong Xie,
Weimin Xiong,
Boyu Xu,
Jinjing Xu,
L. H. Xu,
Lin Xu,
Suting Xu,
Weixin Xu,
Xinran Xu,
Yangchuan Xu,
Ziyao Xu,
Jing Xu,
Jing Xu,
Junjie Yan,
Yuzi Yan,
Hao Yang,
Xiaofei Yang,
Yi Yang,
Ying Yang,
Zhen Yang,
Zhilin Yang,
Zonghan Yang,
Haotian Yao,
Xingcheng Yao,
Wenjie Ye,
Zhuorui Ye,
Bohong Yin,
Longhui Yu,
Enming Yuan,
Hongbang Yuan,
Mengjie Yuan,
Siyu Yuan,
Haobing Zhan,
Dehao Zhang,
Hao Zhang,
Wanlu Zhang,
Xiaobin Zhang,
Yadong Zhang,
Yangkun Zhang,
Yichi Zhang,
Yizhi Zhang,
Yongting Zhang,
Yu Zhang,
Yutao Zhang,
Yutong Zhang,
Zheng Zhang,
Haotian Zhao,
Yikai Zhao,
Zijia Zhao,
Huabin Zheng,
Shaojie Zheng,
Longguang Zhong,
Jianren Zhou,
Xinyu Zhou,
Zaida Zhou,
Jinguo Zhu,
Zhen Zhu,
Weiyu Zhuang,
Xinxing Zu
Algorithm
Kimi K2
Identifiers
Abstract¶
We introduce Kimi K2, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language model with 32 billion activated parameters and 1 trillion total parameters. We propose the MuonClip optimizer, which improves upon Muon with a novel QK-clip technique to address training instability while enjoying the advanced token efficiency of Muon. Based on MuonClip, K2 was pre-trained on 15.5 trillion tokens with zero loss spike. During post-training, K2 undergoes a multi-stage post-training process, highlighted by a large-scale agentic data synthesis pipeline and a joint reinforcement learning (RL) stage, where the model improves its capabilities through interactions with real and synthetic environments. Kimi K2 achieves state-of-the-art performance among open-source non-thinking models, with strengths in agentic capabilities. Notably, K2 obtains 66.1 on Tau2-Bench, 76.5 on ACEBench (En), 65.8 on SWE-Bench Verified, and 47.3 on SWE-Bench Multilingual - surpassing most open and closed-sourced baselines in non-thinking settings. It also exhibits strong capabilities in coding, mathematics, and reasoning tasks, with a score of 53.7 on LiveCodeBench v6, 49.5 on AIME 2025, 75.1 on GPQA-Diamond, and 27.1 on OJBench, all without extended thinking. These results position Kimi K2 as one of the most capable open-source large language models to date, particularly in software engineering and agentic tasks. We release our base and post-trained model checkpoints to facilitate future research and applications of agentic intelligence.
Links¶
Knowledge Base
External
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('Aaron Grattafiori', 'Abhimanyu Dubey', 'Abhinav Jauhri', 'Abhinav Pandey', 'Abhishek Kadian', 'Ahmad Al-Dahle', 'Aiesha Letman', 'Akhil Mathur', 'Alan Schelten', 'Alex Vaughan', 'Amy Yang', 'Angela Fan', 'Anirudh Goyal', 'Anthony Hartshorn', 'Aobo Yang', 'Archi Mitra', 'Archie Sravankumar', 'Artem Korenev', 'Arthur Hinsvark', 'Arun Rao', 'Aston Zhang', 'Aurelien Rodriguez', 'Austen Gregerson', 'Ava Spataru', 'Baptiste Roziere', 'Bethany Biron', 'Binh Tang', 'Bobbie Chern', 'Charlotte Caucheteux', 'Chaya Nayak', 'Chloe Bi', 'Chris Marra', 'Chris McConnell', 'Christian Keller', 'Christophe Touret', 'Chunyang Wu', 'Corinne Wong', 'Cristian Canton Ferrer', 'Cyrus Nikolaidis', 'Damien Allonsius', 'Daniel Song', 'Danielle Pintz', 'Danny Livshits', 'Danny Wyatt', 'David Esiobu', 'Dhruv Choudhary', 'Dhruv Mahajan', 'Diego Garcia-Olano', 'Diego Perino', 'Dieuwke Hupkes', 'Egor Lakomkin', 'Ehab AlBadawy', 'Elina Lobanova', 'Emily Dinan', 'Eric Michael Smith', 'Filip Radenovic', 'Francisco Guzman', 'Frank Zhang', 'Gabriel Synnaeve', 'Gabrielle Lee', 'Georgia Lewis Anderson', 'Govind Thattai', 'Graeme Nail', 'Gregoire Mialon', 'Guan Pang', 'Guillem Cucurell', 'Hailey Nguyen', 'Hannah Korevaar', 'Hu Xu', 'Hugo Touvron', 'Iliyan Zarov', 'Imanol Arrieta Ibarra', 'Isabel Kloumann', 'Ishan Misra', 'Ivan Evtimov', 'Jack Zhang', 'Jade Copet', 'Jaewon Lee', 'Jan Geffert', 'Jana Vranes', 'Jason Park', 'Jay Mahadeokar', 'Jeet Shah', 'Jelmer van der Linde', 'Jennifer Billock', 'Jenny Hong', 'Jenya Lee', 'Jeremy Fu', 'Jianfeng Chi', 'Jianyu Huang', 'Jiawen Liu', 'Jie Wang', 'Jiecao Yu', 'Joanna Bitton', 'Joe Spisak', 'Jongsoo Park', 'Joseph Rocca', 'Joshua Johnstun', 'Joshua Saxe', 'Junteng Jia', 'Kalyan Vasuden Alwala', 'Karthik Prasad', 'Kartikeya Upasani', 'Kate Plawiak', 'Ke Li', 'Kenneth Heafield', 'Kevin Stone', 'Khalid El-Arini', 'Krithika Iyer', 'Kshitiz Malik', 'Kuenley Chiu', 'Kunal Bhalla', 'Kushal Lakhotia', 'Lauren Rantala-Yeary', 'Laurens van der Maaten', 'Lawrence Chen', 'Liang Tan', 'Liz Jenkins', 'Louis Martin', 'Lovish Madaan', 'Lubo Malo', 'Lukas Blecher', 'Lukas Landzaat', 'Luke de Oliveira', 'Madeline Muzzi', 'Mahesh Pasupuleti', 'Mannat Singh', 'Manohar Paluri', 'Marcin Kardas', 'Maria Tsimpoukelli', 'Mathew Oldham', 'Mathieu Rita', 'Maya Pavlova', 'Melanie Kambadur', 'Mike Lewis', 'Min Si', 'Mitesh Kumar Singh', 'Mona Hassan', 'Naman Goyal', 'Narjes Torabi', 'Nikolay Bashlykov', 'Nikolay Bogoychev', 'Niladri Chatterji', 'Ning Zhang', 'Olivier Duchenne', 'Onur Celebi', 'Patrick Alrassy', 'Pengchuan Zhang', 'Pengwei Li', 'Petar Vasic', 'Peter Weng', 'Prajjwal Bhargava', 'Pratik Dubal', 'Praveen Krishnan', 'Punit Singh Koura', 'Puxin Xu', 'Qing He', 'Qingxiao Dong', 'Ragavan Srinivasan', 'Raj Ganapathy', 'Ramon Calderer', 'Ricardo Silveira Cabral', 'Robert Stojnic', 'Roberta Raileanu', 'Rohan Maheswari', 'Rohit Girdhar', 'Rohit Patel', 'Romain Sauvestre', 'Ronnie Polidoro', 'Roshan Sumbaly', 'Ross Taylor', 'Ruan Silva', 'Rui Hou', 'Rui Wang', 'Saghar Hosseini', 'Sahana Chennabasappa', 'Sanjay Singh', 'Sean Bell', 'Seohyun Sonia Kim', 'Sergey Edunov', 'Shaoliang Nie', 'Sharan Narang', 'Sharath Raparthy', 'Sheng Shen', 'Shengye Wan', 'Shruti Bhosale', 'Shun Zhang', 'Simon Vandenhende', 'Soumya Batra', 'Spencer Whitman', 'Sten Sootla', 'Stephane Collot', 'Suchin Gururangan', 'Sydney Borodinsky', 'Tamar Herman', 'Tara Fowler', 'Tarek Sheasha', 'Thomas Georgiou', 'Thomas Scialom', 'Tobias Speckbacher', 'Todor Mihaylov', 'Tong Xiao', 'Ujjwal Karn', 'Vedanuj Goswami', 'Vibhor Gupta', 'Vignesh Ramanathan', 'Viktor Kerkez', 'Vincent Gonguet', 'Virginie Do', 'Vish Vogeti', 'Vitor Albiero', 'Vladan Petrovic', 'Weiwei Chu', 'Wenhan Xiong', 'Wenyin Fu', 'Whitney Meers', 'Xavier Martinet', 'Xiaodong Wang', 'Xiaofang Wang', 'Xiaoqing Ellen Tan', 'Xide Xia', 'Xinfeng Xie', 'Xuchao Jia', 'Xuewei Wang', 'Yaelle Goldschlag', 'Yashesh Gaur', 'Yasmine Babaei', 'Yi Wen', 'Yiwen Song', 'Yuchen Zhang', 'Yue Li', 'Yuning Mao', 'Zacharie Delpierre Coudert', 'Zheng Yan', 'Zhengxing Chen', 'Zoe Papakipos', 'Aaditya Singh', 'Aayushi Srivastava', 'Abha Jain', 'Adam Kelsey', 'Adam Shajnfeld', 'Adithya Gangidi', 'Adolfo Victoria', 'Ahuva Goldstand', 'Ajay Menon', 'Ajay Sharma', 'Alex Boesenberg', 'Alexei Baevski', 'Allie Feinstein', 'Amanda Kallet', 'Amit Sangani', 'Amos Teo', 'Anam Yunus', 'Andrei Lupu', 'Andres Alvarado', 'Andrew Caples', 'Andrew Gu', 'Andrew Ho', 'Andrew Poulton', 'Andrew Ryan', 'Ankit Ramchandani', 'Annie Dong', 'Annie Franco', 'Anuj Goyal', 'Aparajita Saraf', 'Arkabandhu Chowdhury', 'Ashley Gabriel', 'Ashwin Bharambe', 'Assaf Eisenman', 'Azadeh Yazdan', 'Beau James', 'Ben Maurer', 'Benjamin Leonhardi', 'Bernie Huang', 'Beth Loyd', 'Beto De Paola', 'Bhargavi Paranjape', 'Bing Liu', 'Bo Wu', 'Boyu Ni', 'Braden Hancock', 'Bram Wasti', 'Brandon Spence', 'Brani Stojkovic', 'Brian Gamido', 'Britt Montalvo', 'Carl Parker', 'Carly Burton', 'Catalina Mejia', 'Ce Liu', 'Changhan Wang', 'Changkyu Kim', 'Chao Zhou', 'Chester Hu', 'Ching-Hsiang Chu', 'Chris Cai', 'Chris Tindal', 'Christoph Feichtenhofer', 'Cynthia Gao', 'Damon Civin', 'Dana Beaty', 'Daniel Kreymer', 'Daniel Li', 'David Adkins', 'David Xu', 'Davide Testuggine', 'Delia David', 'Devi Parikh', 'Diana Liskovich', 'Didem Foss', 'Dingkang Wang', 'Duc Le', 'Dustin Holland', 'Edward Dowling', 'Eissa Jamil', 'Elaine Montgomery', 'Eleonora Presani', 'Emily Hahn', 'Emily Wood', 'Eric-Tuan Le', 'Erik Brinkman', 'Esteban Arcaute', 'Evan Dunbar', 'Evan Smothers', 'Fei Sun', 'Felix Kreuk', 'Feng Tian', 'Filippos Kokkinos', 'Firat Ozgenel', 'Francesco Caggioni', 'Frank Kanayet', 'Frank Seide', 'Gabriela Medina Florez', 'Gabriella Schwarz', 'Gada Badeer', 'Georgia Swee', 'Gil Halpern', 'Grant Herman', 'Grigory Sizov', 'Guangyi Zhang', 'Guna Lakshminarayanan', 'Hakan Inan', 'Hamid Shojanazeri', 'Han Zou', 'Hannah Wang', 'Hanwen Zha', 'Haroun Habeeb', 'Harrison Rudolph', 'Helen Suk', 'Henry Aspegren', 'Hunter Goldman', 'Hongyuan Zhan', 'Ibrahim Damlaj', 'Igor Molybog', 'Igor Tufanov', 'Ilias Leontiadis', 'Irina-Elena Veliche', 'Itai Gat', 'Jake Weissman', 'James Geboski', 'James Kohli', 'Janice Lam', 'Japhet Asher', 'Jean-Baptiste Gaya', 'Jeff Marcus', 'Jeff Tang', 'Jennifer Chan', 'Jenny Zhen', 'Jeremy Reizenstein', 'Jeremy Teboul', 'Jessica Zhong', 'Jian Jin', 'Jingyi Yang', 'Joe Cummings', 'Jon Carvill', 'Jon Shepard', 'Jonathan McPhie', 'Jonathan Torres', 'Josh Ginsburg', 'Junjie Wang', 'Kai Wu', 'Kam Hou U', 'Karan Saxena', 'Kartikay Khandelwal', 'Katayoun Zand', 'Kathy Matosich', 'Kaushik Veeraraghavan', 'Kelly Michelena', 'Keqian Li', 'Kiran Jagadeesh', 'Kun Huang', 'Kunal Chawla', 'Kyle Huang', 'Lailin Chen', 'Lakshya Garg', 'Lavender A', 'Leandro Silva', 'Lee Bell', 'Lei Zhang', 'Liangpeng Guo', 'Licheng Yu', 'Liron Moshkovich', 'Luca Wehrstedt', 'Madian Khabsa', 'Manav Avalani', 'Manish Bhatt', 'Martynas Mankus', 'Matan Hasson', 'Matthew Lennie', 'Matthias Reso', 'Maxim Groshev', 'Maxim Naumov', 'Maya Lathi', 'Meghan Keneally', 'Miao Liu', 'Michael L. Seltzer', 'Michal Valko', 'Michelle Restrepo', 'Mihir Patel', 'Mik Vyatskov', 'Mikayel Samvelyan', 'Mike Clark', 'Mike Macey', 'Mike Wang', 'Miquel Jubert Hermoso', 'Mo Metanat', 'Mohammad Rastegari', 'Munish Bansal', 'Nandhini Santhanam', 'Natascha Parks', 'Natasha White', 'Navyata Bawa', 'Nayan Singhal', 'Nick Egebo', 'Nicolas Usunier', 'Nikhil Mehta', 'Nikolay Pavlovich Laptev', 'Ning Dong', 'Norman Cheng', 'Oleg Chernoguz', 'Olivia Hart', 'Omkar Salpekar', 'Ozlem Kalinli', 'Parkin Kent', 'Parth Parekh', 'Paul Saab', 'Pavan Balaji', 'Pedro Rittner', 'Philip Bontrager', 'Pierre Roux', 'Piotr Dollar', 'Polina Zvyagina', 'Prashant Ratanchandani', 'Pritish Yuvraj', 'Qian Liang', 'Rachad Alao', 'Rachel Rodriguez', 'Rafi Ayub', 'Raghotham Murthy', 'Raghu Nayani', 'Rahul Mitra', 'Rangaprabhu Parthasarathy', 'Raymond Li', 'Rebekkah Hogan', 'Robin Battey', 'Rocky Wang', 'Russ Howes', 'Ruty Rinott', 'Sachin Mehta', 'Sachin Siby', 'Sai Jayesh Bondu', 'Samyak Datta', 'Sara Chugh', 'Sara Hunt', 'Sargun Dhillon', 'Sasha Sidorov', 'Satadru Pan', 'Saurabh Mahajan', 'Saurabh Verma', 'Seiji Yamamoto', 'Sharadh Ramaswamy', 'Shaun Lindsay', 'Shaun Lindsay', 'Sheng Feng', 'Shenghao Lin', 'Shengxin Cindy Zha', 'Shishir Patil', 'Shiva Shankar', 'Shuqiang Zhang', 'Shuqiang Zhang', 'Sinong Wang', 'Sneha Agarwal', 'Soji Sajuyigbe', 'Soumith Chintala', 'Stephanie Max', 'Stephen Chen', 'Steve Kehoe', 'Steve Satterfield', 'Sudarshan Govindaprasad', 'Sumit Gupta', 'Summer Deng', 'Sungmin Cho', 'Sunny Virk', 'Suraj Subramanian', 'Sy Choudhury', 'Sydney Goldman', 'Tal Remez', 'Tamar Glaser', 'Tamara Best', 'Thilo Koehler', 'Thomas Robinson', 'Tianhe Li', 'Tianjun Zhang', 'Tim Matthews', 'Timothy Chou', 'Tzook Shaked', 'Varun Vontimitta', 'Victoria Ajayi', 'Victoria Montanez', 'Vijai Mohan', 'Vinay Satish Kumar', 'Vishal Mangla', 'Vlad Ionescu', 'Vlad Poenaru', 'Vlad Tiberiu Mihailescu', 'Vladimir Ivanov', 'Wei Li', 'Wenchen Wang', 'Wenwen Jiang', 'Wes Bouaziz', 'Will Constable', 'Xiaocheng Tang', 'Xiaojian Wu', 'Xiaolan Wang', 'Xilun Wu', 'Xinbo Gao', 'Yaniv Kleinman', 'Yanjun Chen', 'Ye Hu', 'Ye Jia', 'Ye Qi', 'Yenda Li', 'Yilin Zhang', 'Ying Zhang', 'Yossi Adi', 'Youngjin Nam', 'Yu Wang', 'Yu Zhao', 'Yuchen Hao', 'Yundi Qian', 'Yunlu Li', 'Yuzi He', 'Zach Rait', 'Zachary DeVito', 'Zef Rosnbrick', 'Zhaoduo Wen', 'Zhenyu Yang', 'Zhiwei Zhao', 'Zhiyu Ma') / 2024